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Nok culture

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Nok culture

Ọdịbendị Nok bụ ndị a na akpọ aha obodo Ham nke Nok na ndịda Kaduna Steeti nke Naịjirịa, ebe a chọpụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ ha na 1928. [1][2] Ndị Nok na ndị Gajiganna nwere ike isi na Central Sahara kwapụ, tinyere pearl millet na ite ite, kewara tupu ha eruo n'ebe ugwu nke Naịjirịa, wee si otú a biri n'ebe ha dị iche iche na mpaghara Gajigana na Nok.[3] Ndị Nok nwekwara ike ịkwaga site na Sahel nke West Africa gaa na mpaghara Nok.[4] Ọdịbendị Nok nwere ike ịpụta na 1500 BCE ma gaa n'ihu ruo 1 BCE.[3][3]

Ndị Nok nwere ike mepụta ihe a tụrụ atụ, site na mmepụta akụ na ụba buru ibu, [5] dị ka akụkụ nke omenala olili ozu dị mgbagwoju anya [6] nke nwere ike ịgụnye omume dịka oriri.[3] Ihe osise ndị mbụ nke Nok terracotta nwere ike ịmalite na 900 BCE.[3] Ụfọdụ ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Nok terracotta na egosi ndị na eji slingshots, yana ụta na akụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe na egosi na ndị Nok na ịchụ nta, ma ọ bụ na ejide, nke anụmanụ ndị a na enweghị ebe obibi.[7] Ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Nok na egosi mmadụ abụọ, tinyere ngwongwo ha, n'ụgbọ mmiri.[4] Ha abụọ anthropomorphic figures na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-akwagharị.[8] Ihe ngosi nke Nok terracotta nke ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike igosi na ndị Nok na eji ụgbọ mmiri na ebu ibu, n'akụkụ osimiri (dịka, Osimiri Gurara) nke Osimiri Niger, ma gbanwere ha na netwọk azụmahịa mpaghara.[5] Ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke onye nwere mkpokoro mmiri n'isi ya nwere ike igosi na ogologo Ụzọ azụmahịa ndị a nwere ike ịgbasa ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic.[5] N'Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ụgbọ mmiri nke Afrịka, e nwere Ụgbọ mmiri Dufuna mbụ, nke e wuru ihe dị ka afọ 8000 gara aga na mpaghara ugwu nke Naịjirịa; dị ka ụdị ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ a maara na Sub-Saharan Africa, e mepụtara ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke ụgbọ mmiri na mpaghara etiti nke Naịjarịa n'oge puku afọ mbụ BCE.[5][8]

Omenala nka ikpeazụ nke West Africa Bura nke Niger (narị afọ nke atọ OA narị afọ nke iri OA), Koma nke Ghana (narị nke asaa OA - karni nke iri na ise OA), Igbo-Ukwu nke Nigeria (narị wa itoolu OA - afọ nke iri), Jenne-Jeno nke Mali (narị narị afọ nke otu OA - na narị afọ nke abụọ OA), na Ile Ife nke Nigeria (karị wa iri na otu OA ruo narị afọ nke ise OA) - nwere ike ịbụ na mbụ e ji ụrọ mee ka ọdịnala Nok.[9] A na ahụkarị ebe obibi Nok n'elu ugwu.[10] Iron metallurgy nwere ike mepụtara n'onwe ya na omenala Nok n'etiti 750 BCE na 550 BCE.[3][11][12][13]

Mmalite

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Breunig na Rupp (2016) kwuru, sị: "A maghị mmalite ha, mana ebe ọ bụ na osisi ha ji mee ihe dị ka ihe ọkụkụ (karịsịa millet) bụ ụmụ amaala mpaghara Sahel, ala nna ha dị n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa nke ọ bụla ọzọ. " [14] Breunig (2017) kọwara, sị: 'Ndị ọdịbendị Nok ga esi ebe ọzọ bịa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, anyị amaghị mpaghara, ọ bụ ezie na anyị na eche na mpaghara Sahel dị na West Africa. " [4] Champion et al. (2022) tụrụ aro na ha nwere ike isi na Central Sahara, ma kwuo:

Ịkọ ugbo pearl millet sitere na West na Central Sahara na akpọnwụ n'ime mpaghara savanna nke West Africa mgbe 2500 BCE gasịrị, n'ihe gbasara mmegharị ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ebe ndịda (Ozainne et al. 2014; Neumann 2018; Fuller et al. 2021)... Ọnụnọ nke pearl millet na enweghị ihe ịchọ mma ma ọ bụ chaff temper, dị ka a hụrụ na Nok na mmalite Gajiganna saịtị, na-egosi na mgbasa nke atọ sitere kpọmkwem na etiti Sahara na ikekwe tupu ha eruo ugwu Naị Nigeria, na aza maka ọdịiche dị na Nokiganna pottery na Gajig.[3]

Ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka nwere foduru site na narị afọ nke atọ ruo nke mbụ cal BC. Àkụ́ ndị ahụ na-egosi ntụzịaka nke mgbasa millet pearl n'ime Sub-Saharan West Africa, gụnyere 5. mpaghara mpaghara Nok.

Ihe ndị a tụrụ atụ

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  A maghị ọrụ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ Nok terracotta. N'akụkụ ka ukwuu, a na echekwa terracotta n'ụdị iberibe ndị gbasasịrị. Ọ bụ ya mere na a maara ihe osise Nok nke ọma taa naanị maka isi, ma nwoke ma nwanyị, ndị ntutu isi ha zuru oke ma dị mma. Ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ dị n'ime iberibe n'ihi na a na ejikarị apịtị eme nchọpụta, n'ala nke mmiri na eme. Ihe oyiyi terracotta a chọtara n'ebe ahụ zoro ezo, tụgharịa, nụchaa, ma mebie. Ọ na esiri ike na arụ ọrụ buru ibu na echekwa n'enweghị nsogbu na eme ka ha bụrụ ndị a na eji akpọrọ ihe n'ahịa nka mba ụwa.[15]

Ihe oyiyi terracotta bụ oghere, coil wuru, isi na ahụ mmadụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke a na egosipụta na ihe ndị dị elu, ọtụtụ ọla, na ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche. N'ihi otu ihe osise nke ihe ndị a tụrụ atụ n'ofe ọdịbendị Nok, n'adịghị ka ihe dịgasị iche iche nke ite ite Nok, a na eche na e ji ụrọ ole na ole mee ihe osise Nok, na atụ aro mmepụta dị n'etiti na nke pụrụ iche.[16]

Obere ihe ka a maara banyere ọrụ mbụ nke iberibe ahụ, mana echiche gụnyere onyinyo ndị nna nna, akara ili, na amara iji gbochie ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, na ọrịa. Ọzọkwa, dabere na ntọala dị ka dome nke a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi maka elu ụlọ nke ihe owuwu oge ochie.

Margaret Young-Sanchez, onye na ahụ maka nkà nke America, Africa, na Oceania na Cleveland Museum of Art, na akọwa na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ceramics Nok bụ ndị e ji aka kpụọ site na ụrọ nke na enweghị ntụ ma jiri nwayọọ kpụzie ya n'ụzọ na egosi mmetụta sitere na osisi. ihe osise. Mgbe akpọchara ụfọdụ ihe, a na ekpuchi ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị ahụ na amị amị ma kpọọ ya ọkụ ka o wee mee ka elu ya dị larịị, na egbuke egbuke. Ọnụọgụ ndị ahụ nwere oghere, nwere ọtụtụ oghere iji kwado ihicha na ịgba egbe nke ọma. O yikarịrị ka usoro ịgba égbè ahụ yiri nke a na eme taa na Naijiria, bụ́ ebe a na eji ahịhịa, alaka na akwụkwọ kpuchie iberibe ya ma kpọọ ya ọkụ ruo ọtụtụ awa.


N'ihi mbuze na nkwụsị nke okike, Nok terracottas gbasasịrị na omimi dị iche iche n'ime ala ahịhịa Sahel, na akpata ihe isi ike na mkpakọrịta na nhazi nke ihe omimi. N'ụzọ dị mma, a chọtara ebe abụọ e gwupụtara ihe, Samun Dukiya na Taruga, nwere ihe osise Nok nke a na emetụbeghị. Nnyocha Radiocarbon na thermo-luminescence mere ka ihe ndị ahụ a kpụrụ akpụ bụrụ ụbọchị dị iche iche n'etiti ihe dị ka afọ 2,900 na 2,000 gara aga, na eme ka ha bụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị kasị ochie na Western Africa. A chọtara ọtụtụ ụbọchị ndị ọzọ n'oge nchọpụta ihe ochie ọhụrụ, na agbatị mmalite nke ọdịnala Nok ọbụna n'oge gara aga.[17]

N'ihi myirịta dị n'etiti ebe abụọ ahụ, onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Graham Connah kwenyere na "Nok artwork na anọchite anya ụdị nke ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na eji ígwè eme ihe nke ọdịbendị dịgasị iche iche, kama ịbụ ihe nchọpụta nke otu ìgwè mmadụ dịka a na ekwukarị. "

Ndị Nok nwere ike mepụta ihe a tụrụ atụ site na mmepụta akụ na ụba buru ibu.[5] N'etiti ihe osise Nok terracotta na Pangwari, e nwere ihe osise na egosi nnukwu ezé Therianthropic (mmadụ-feline) na ahụ nke onye nọ ọdụ na eyi belt gburugburu úkwù ha na ihe olu, nke gbakwunyere ihe osise (dịka, ụta, eriri); e nwekwara ihe osise ndị na egosi isi nke onye nwere ọnụ nnụnụ na isi nke nwoke nwere mkpokoro na ya, nke nwere ike ịbụ nke otu onye ahụ mepụtara.[7] Tụkwasị na nke a, e nwere ihe a tụrụ atụ nke na egosi ndị na eji slingshots, yana ụta na akụ, nke nwere ike igosi ndị Nok na ịchụ nta, ma ọ bụ na ejide, nke anụmanụ ndị a na achịkwaghị achịkwa.[2][7]

Ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Nok na egosi mmadụ abụọ, tinyere ngwongwo ha, n'ụgbọ mmiri.[7] Ha abụọ anthropomorphic figures na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na akwagharị.[8] Ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike igosi na ndị Nok na eji ụgbọ mmiri na ebu ibu, n'akụkụ osimiri (dịka, Osimiri Gurara) nke Osimiri Niger, ma gbanwere ha na netwọk azụmahịa mpaghara.[2] Ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke onye nwere mkpokoro mmiri n'isi ya nwere ike igosi na ogologo Ụzọ azụmahịa ndị a nwere ike ịgbasa ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic.[2] N'Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ụgbọ mmiri nke Afrịka, e nwere Ụgbọ mmiri Dufuna mbụ, nke e wuru ihe dị ka afọ 8000 gara aga na mpaghara ugwu nke Naịjirịa; dị ka ụdị ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ a maara na Sub-Saharan Africa, e mepụtara ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke ụgbọ mmiri na mpaghara etiti Naịjiria n'oge puku afọ mbụ BCE.[2][8]

Dabere na ihe akaebe sitere na ebe ọdịbendị ihe ochie nke Nok, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke icheku ọkụ dị n'etiti ihe oyiyi nke Nok, ngwongwo (dịka, arịa ndị a rụrụ na nkà, ọtụtụ ihe olu nkume) a chọtara n'olulu ili nke na akwado echiche nke ha na eje ozi dị ka ebe ili, ọdịiche dị na agba ala nke olulu ili na mpaghara ala ha dị nso, na olulu ili nwere ihe ndị sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke a na akwado nkwubi okwu ahụ na ihe oyiyi nke ihe oyiyi Nok bụ akụkụ nke ọdịbendị ili dị mgbagwoju anya.[6]

Omenala nka ikpeazụ nke West Africa - Bura nke Niger (narị afọ nke atọ OA - narị afọ nke iri OA), Koma nke Ghana (narị nke asaa OA - karni nke iri na ise OA), Igbo-Ukwu nke Nigeria (narị wa itoolu OA - afọ nke iri), Jenne-Jeno nke Mali (narị narị afọ nke otu OA - na narị afọ nke abụọ OA), na Ile Ife nke Nigeria (karị wa iri na otu OA ruo narị afọ nke ise OA) - nwere ike ịbụ na mbụ e ji ụrọ mee ka ọdịnala Nok.[9]

Nkà mmụta ihe ochie

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Ọ bụ Colonel Dent Young, [18] onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ na egwupụta ihe n'ala, chọtara ala Nok mbụ na 1928. [19] E gwupụtara terracotta ahụ na mberede na ọkwa nke 24 feet (7 site na ebe a na egwupụta tin. Young nyere ihe ndị a tụrụ atụ na Museum of the Department of Mines na Jos.[20]

Afọ iri na ise ka e mesịrị, na 1943 n'akụkụ obodo Nok, n'etiti Naịjirịa, a chọtara usoro ọhụrụ nke ihe oyiyi ụrọ site na mberede mgbe a na egwupụta tin. Otu onye odeakwụkwọ na ahụ maka ebe a na egwupụta ihe n'ime ala achọtawo isi ma weghachite ya n'ụlọ ya maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na emenye ụjọ, ọrụ ọ na ejupụta (nke ọma) ruo otu afọ n'ọhịa yam. Bernard Fagg mechara hụ egwu a bụ onye ọrụ nchịkwa n'oge ahụ nke gụrụ nkà mmụta ihe ochie na Mahadum Cambridge. Fagg chọpụtara na isi dị n'elu scarecrow yiri ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Young chọtara. Ọ gara Jos ebe Young gosiri Fagg ihe ndị ọzọ a chọtara n'oge na adịbeghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, o doro anya na igwu ala na mpaghara Nok na Jema'a na ekpughe ma na ebibi ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala.[20]   Igwupụta ihe mbụ na mbido Jenụwarị 1961 malitere na nso ndagwurugwu dịpụrụ adịpụ a na akpọ Taruga na nso obodo Takushara. E mere nchọpụta nnwale ahụ n'ime ụbọchị asatọ. Ihe ndị a chọtara gụnyere ihe ndị e ji ígwè kpụọ, ọtụtụ ụrọ ígwè, iberibe tuyere, ite, iberibi ihe oyiyi, ocher na acha ọbara ọbara, nkume Quartz, na obere ụyọkọ icheku ọkụ. Ihe ndị a ma ama chọtara n'ebe ahụ bụ ihe ndị e ji ụrọ kpụọ nke na adịghị omimi, efere dị larịị nke a na etinye n'ime ya na usoro dị iche iche iji mepụta elu dị nkọ. O yikarịrị ka a na eji ihe ndị a eme ihe maka nri. N'ime nchọpụta mbụ, e ji nyocha proton magnetometer mee ihe iji nwalee ịchọta ọkụ ọkụ. Nnyocha ahụ kpughere ngụkọta nke 61 magnetic anomalies nke na adịkarị na mbara ala, etiti nke nwere ike igosi ókè nke ọrụ n'ezie. Iri abụọ n'ime anomalies kpughere oke nke slag na itoolu n'ime ha nwere ihe owuwu nke mgbidi ọkụ na ntọala. Ụdị ihe eji eme ihe a na ahụkarị bụ ite ụlọ nke enwere ike kewaa n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche. Otu ụdị bụ efere ma ọ bụ efere na enweghị egbugbere ọnụ na nke ọzọ bụ ite globular nke nwere egbugbere abụọ. N'ihi nchọpụta mbụ a, a ga amalite iwere Ọdịbendị Nok dị ka nke Iron Age.[21]

N'afọ 1989, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Germany na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mmekorita n'etiti Mahadum Maiduguri nke dị na Borno Steeti, Naijiria, na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie nke Mahadum Goethe Frankfurt. Ọrụ a nyochara mmalite nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na anọkarị na Chad Basin. Ajụjụ bilitere banyere ma e nwere ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị nọ na Chad Basin, na ajụjụ ndị a mere ka ndị otu ahụ nyochaa Ọdịbendị Nok. Na mbido nke Frankfurt Nok Project, ndị na eme nchọpụta nwere nsogbu ịchọta ebe ha ga egwu. Ndị otu ahụ malitere iso Umaru Yusuf Potiskum rụkọọ ọrụ ma ha malitere ịchọta ebe ọdịbendị Nok dị iche iche, ọ bụ ezie na e zuuru ọtụtụ n'ime ha.[22] Ọrụ sayensị malitere n'afọ 2005 iji nyochaa ebe ndị e gwupụtara ihe n'ala nke Nok ma ghọtakwuo ihe ndị a tụrụ atụ nke Nok n'ime ihe ndị e gwopụtara n'ala n'oge Iron Age, [17] [23] ma mechie ya na 2021.[24][3]

Ebe obibi na ihe owuwu

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Na mpaghara etiti nke Naịjirịa, a na ekpebi Ebe ndị e gwupụtara ihe n'ala nke Nok ka ha bụrụ ebe obibi, dabere na ihe akaebe ndị e gwopụtara ihe n"ala nke ebe ndị ahụ, ma kpebie na ha bụ nke ọdịbendị Nok, dabere na ụdị ihe akaebe nke ndị e gwapụtara ihe n "Nok terracotta" fọdụrụ na ite Nok.[10] A chọtawo ebe obibi Nok na mbara ala dị larịị, n'elu ugwu, na ndagwurugwu na elu ugwu. O yiri ka a họọrọ ihe ụfọdụ dị ka ugwu na ndagwurugwu dị nro, ikekwe n'ihi na ha nyere mmiri dị mma n'oge mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nnyocha mbụ e bipụtara na 2005, Rupp et al. kwuru na a tụrụ ntọala mgbidi site na granite dị n'okpuru ebe obibi nke Kochio, nakwa na e wuru 'mgbidi nkume buru ibu' gburugburu ebe etiti n'ebe obibi ahụ.[1] Otú ọ dị, na nyocha ọzọ e bipụtara na 2016 ndị edemede kwubiri na ndị a bụ n'ezie ihe ndị a na akọwaghị nke ọma, nakwa na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe maka ụlọ nkume ọ bụla na saịtị Nok, ma e wezụga ihe a na adịghị ahụkebe nke ntọala nkume okirikiri nke ụlọ a chọtara na Puntun Dutse.[25] Ihe akaebe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na egosi na e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka osisi, ahịhịa, na akpụkpọ anụ wuo ụlọ Nok, nke rere n'ahapụghị ihe ndị a na ahụ anya n'ala.[2] Ebe obibi ndị Nok bụ ma ọ bụ obodo nta ma ọ bụ otu ogige, yiri n'ogo nke ugbo nke oge a dị n'otu ebe ahụ. Enweghị ihe na egosi na ndị mmadụ gbakọtara n'elu obodo, ya mere "enweghị ihe akaebe nke ga eme ka e nwee obodo dị iche iche nke ga adị mkpa iji zụlite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime àgwà nke mgbagwoju anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze. " Ọtụtụ nchọpụta na atụmanya egosiwo na ọ nweghị obodo ma ọ bụ ụdị obodo ọ bụla dị na ọdịbendị Nok, ọ nweghịkwa ihe akaebe a chọtara maka ụlọ pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ ebe ndị otu obodo dị elu bi.[26] Enweghị stratigraphies buru ibu ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke usoro mmepụta ugwu na egosi na ebe Nok nwere obere oge obibi. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, ihe akaebe na egosi na obodo ọdịbendị Nok dị obere ma hazie ya n'ìgwè ndị na achị onwe ha. Dị ka Rupp et al. si kwuo (2016):  

Ịkpụ ígwè

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Iron metallurgy nwere ike mepụta na omenala Nok n'etiti 750 BCE na 550 BCE. [3] [11][12] Ndị Nok nwere ike ichepụta ígwè na narị afọ nke 9 BCE ma ọ bụ narị afọ nke 8 BCE. [13]

Ngwá ọrụ nkume

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Ụdị ngwá ọrụ nkume ndị a na-ahụ na saịtị Nok na agbanwe ntakịrị n'ime oge nile nke omenala Nok. Ihe na achọkarị ịkụ ndị na eme nchọpụta aka bụ enweghị ngwá ọrụ ịkpụ. E wezụga anyụike nkume, ọ dịghị ngwá ọrụ nwere ihe nbibi ahụghị. Isi ihe ndị e ji ígwè ma ọ bụ nkume mee adịghịkwa na saịtị Nok.


Ngwá ọrụ igwe nri bụ ihe a na ahụkarị na saịtị Nok. A naghị echekwa ha n'otu akụkụ, mana ha ka nwere ike igosi ọdịdị na nha dị iche iche nke ngwaọrụ eji eme ihe n'omenala Nok. A na eji Quartzite, granite, ma ọ bụ Nkume metamorphic eme nkume igwe. N'ebe Ungwar Kura dị, o yiri ka a na etinye nkume igwe n'usoro ụfọdụ, na ebe Ido dị, a na ahazi nnukwu nkume igwe n"ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ na ite na nkume dị n'akụkụ ha. A na eche na ọnọdụ a bụ ememe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na egwe ihe na-adị naanị aka. N'ebe nile nke Nok, e nwere ọtụtụ slabs ma o yiri ka e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke nkume aka. O kwere omume na ndị otu Nok Culture jiri igwe ihe ndị a ruo mgbe ha ruru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, wee jiri ha mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi.[22]

Akpụkpọ ụkwụ nkume bụ ngwá ọrụ ọzọ ndị Nok na ejikarị eme ihe. A na ejikarị nkume mgbawa ugwu eme ha (a na ahụkwa nkume siliceous mgbe ụfọdụ), ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe na nkwadebe nri. Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ndị a na adịkarị obere, nke kachasị ukwuu na eru sentimita 20. A na ahụ bọọlụ nkume n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla a na akpọ Nok ma bụrụ ihe dịka nkwụ. O yikarịrị ka a na eji ha eme ihe dị ka hammerstones ma ọ bụ maka ime ka elu nkume igwe sie ike. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ha niile ka ha nwere ọdịdị bọl, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwekwara akara chipping n'ebe niile ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'otu ebe. O yikarịrị ka bọl nkume ndị a ga arụ ọrụ dị ka nkume igwe na agagharị agagharị.[22]

A chọpụtakwala mgbaaka nkume na saịtị Nok Culture. A na ahụkarị ha dị ka iberibe ma enwere ike ịmata ha dị ka mgbaaka n'ihi akụkụ ha dị larịị, oghere ma ọ bụ triangular na ọdịdị ha. Mgbaaka nkume ndị a dị ụkọ ma a maghị ebumnuche ha, mana a tụwo aro iji ha mee ihe dị ka ego ma ọ bụ ihe mgbanwe. Ihe ọzọ a na adịghị ahụkebe bụ nkume beads, nke a na ahụkarị dị ka a ga asị na a na eke ya na eriri. A na ejikarị nkume siri ike dị ka Quartz, chalcedony, Jasper, ma ọ bụ Carnelian mee beads. E nwere ụdị bead atọ dị iche iche: cylindrical, nke bụ ọdịdị a na ahụkarị, yana osisi na mgbaaka.[22]

Nkume

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akpụkpọ ite (ikpụkpọ ite) bụ ihe nchọpụta ihe ochie kachasị n'ebe Nok. Kemgbe afọ 2009, a na enyocha ite ndị e gwupụtara n'usoro na ebumnuche dị mkpa iji gbalịa ịmepụta usoro iheomume. Ụfọdụ àgwà nke ite dị ka ịchọ mma, ọdịdị, na nha na apụta ugboro ugboro ma pụọ n'anya, na eji àgwà ite dị iche iche dochie ya. Mgbanwe a nwere ike ikwe ka mmadụ kewaa ọganihu n'ime oge dị iche iche dabere na àgwà dị iche iche. N'ozuzu, a chịkọtara ihe dị ka iberibe ite 90,000, nke a na ewere 15,000 dị ka nchọpụta, nke pụtara na a na achọ ha mma, iberibe site na rim ma ọ bụ ala nke arịa ahụ, ma ọ bụ ha nwere aka ma ọ bụ oghere n'ime ha. Enwere ike ịkọwa nsonaazụ nke nyocha ite n'ime oge atọ dị iche iche: Early, Middle, na Late.

Arịa ndị e ji ụrọ kpụọ n'oge Nok

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Site n'ihe dị ka 1500-900 BC, ite ite nke Oge Nok Mbụ na-abụkarị obere ma echebeghị nke ọma. O yiri ka a na achọ ha mma nke ọma na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'okpuru ọnụ arịa ma na ekpuchi akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ahụ ceramic. Akara ndị e mere n'arịa ahụ yiri ka ha dị mma ma ọ bụ na agbagọ agbagọ. A na-enwekarị ọtụtụ ahịrị ndị dị nso na ụfọdụ ọbụna nwere ahịrị ndị na agafe n'okpuru rim. Ọkpụite na enwekarị obosara, obosara.

Arịa ndị e ji ụrọ mee n'oge etiti Nok

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Oge Middle Nok bụ ihe dịka site na c. 900-300 BC na n'oge a enwere mmụba dị egwu nke ebe, iberibe terracotta na ihe ígwè. Kama ịchọ mma nke oge mbụ, nke na ekpuchi ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ite ahụ, kama nke ahụ, enwere eriri ịchọ mma nke nwere akara dị omimi. Akara a na apụta na ọkara elu nke ite ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'okpuru rim nke efere. Akara ụfọdụ nwere nsọtụ dị nkọ yana akara zigzag ma ọ bụ ebili mmiri ma ọ bụ oghere a tụrụ atụ. N'adịghị ka oge Early Nok, ceramics nke Middle Nok na enwekarị ụdị dị iche iche na rim nwere rims, efere mepere emepe, efere nwere rims a tụgharịrị atụgharị na ihe ịchọ mma akara a tụrụ atụ na egbugbere ọnụ rims.

Arịa ndị e ji ụrọ mee n'oge Nok

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Oge Late Nok sitere na ihe dịka 300-1 BC ma nwee naanị ebe ole na ole a maara. E nwere obere ite dị maka nyocha mana site na ite a chọtara enwere mbelata na nkwụsi ike nke eriri ịchọ mma. Ọ bụ ezie na a ka na eji bands eme ihe, a na achọ ha mma nke ọma na nhazi ndị ọzọ. A na enwekarị usoro ịchọ mma ahụ. Ụdị dịgasị iche iche na ụdị rim yiri ka ha na abawanye karịa ka ọ dị n'oge Middle Nok.

Map nke ụwa ochie na 400 BC na egosi ọdịbendị Nok

Dị ka ndị Chad Basin na Omenala Kintampo, ndị omenala Nok jiri usoro ihe ọkụkụ ngwakọta nke ịzụlite cowpeas na pearl millet yana iji mkpụrụ osisi oleaginous.[27] Na Pangwari, a na azụlite ma na akụ ọka pearl, a na'azụlite cowpeas, na ụdị ahịhịa dị iche iche (dịka, Caesalpinioideae, Canarium schweinfurthii, Combretaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Vitex). [7] Ịchụ nta na ịnakọta bụ usoro ọzọ nke ndị Nok na-esote.[2][7]

Mkpụrụ osisi

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Ndị Nok nwere ike ịkwaga n'ógbè etiti nke Naijiria ma webata n'ọ́tụ̀ ahụ ihe ọmụma ọrụ ugbo nke ịkọ pearl millet n'etiti 1500 BCE na 900 BCE.[28] N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe niile dị na Nok, e nwere ihe fọdụrụnụ nke osisi na ere ọkụ nke nwere nkụ na ihe ọkụkụ maka isi nri.[29] A na ahụkarị ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ nke pearl millet, otu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ọka kachasị ochie n'Africa. Pearl millet na amị mkpụrụ nke ukwuu ma na eguzogide ọnọdụ na adịghị mma, gụnyere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. A na ahụkwa Cowpeas, nke bara uru maka protein dị elu, na saịtị ụfọdụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, pearl millet na cowpeas bụ naanị ihe ọkụkụ a maara na ndị Nok na akụ. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ha riri ma ọ bụ na azụ ụdị tubers ọ bụla. Ọtụtụ nkume igwe a chọtara na ebe Nok na egosi na a na egweri ọka ahụ n'ime ntụ ọka ma mee ya ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nri.[22]

Mkpụrụ osisi

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A chọtawo olulu siri ike site na mkpụrụ osisi ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe Nok. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a chọtara mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ nke osisi ndị ọzọ dị ka ahịhịa na legumes. N'ozuzu, enweghi nnukwu nhọrọ nke ihe fọdụrụnụ, mana nke a nwere ike ịpụta na echebeghị ha.[22] Ihe akaebe ndị ọzọ na adịbeghị anya nke ihe fọdụrụ na osisi Carbonized nke Nok na egosi na ha na eri mkpụrụ osisi.[30]

Osisi na ọrụ ugbo

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O yikarịrị ka ndị Nok jiri usoro agroforestry, na ejikọta ihe ọkụkụ a kụrụ akụ na osisi bara uru n'otu ala ahụ. Ubi ndị a na adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ osisi na ọtụtụ ụdị osisi a na akụ akụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị site na savanna ruo n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo, na mmalite nke omume ahụ na alaghachi na puku afọ mbụ BC, n'oge ọdịbendị Nok. Ọtụtụ osisi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka abụghị ndị a na azụ n'ụlọ mana ha bụ akụkụ nke ahịhịa ọhịa nke a na-ahapụ mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo kpochapụrụ ubi ha. N'ihi na a hapụrụ ha ka ha too, ha na amụba n'ụzọ okike n'enweghị mkpa ka a kụọ ha. Osisi nwere ike imepụta nri, ọgwụ na nri anụmanụ.[22]

Anụmanụ

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N'ihi ala acid, ọ dịghị ọkpụkpụ anụmanụ sitere na ọdịbendị Nok echekwara, na ahapụghị ihe akaebe doro anya nke ụdị ha nwere ike ịzụlite (ma ọ bụ ịchụ nta). Nanị ihe akaebe maka ụmụ anụmanụ n'oge ọdịbendị Nok bụ ihe ngosi nke ụmụ anụmanụ dị ka ihe oyiyi ma ọ bụ ihe a tụrụ atụ.[22]

Nri

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Ka ọ na erule afọ 3500 gara aga, ndị ọrụ ugbo Nok na-achịkọta ma na eji ngwaahịa aṅụ (dịka, na achịkwa mmanụ aṅụ n'ime ite ite). [31] Ndị ọrụ ugbo Nok nwere ike iji mmanụ aṅụ mee ihe iji gbakwunye na nri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.[32] Dị ka ihe akaebe nke ihe fọdụrụ na wax aṅụ na abụba sitere n'anụmanụ na ceramics, enwere ike iji ite ahụ nchekwa anụ, yana mmanụ aṅụ eji echekwa.[2][32]

Izu ohi na ịlaghachi

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Kemgbe afọ 1970, a na ezu ohi ihe oyiyi nke Nok terracotta. Ọbụna ịpụnara mmadụ ihe buru ibu malitere na mpaghara ọdịbendị Nok na 1994, na 1995 ndị isi ahịa abụọ pụtara. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị isi ahịa nwere ike iwe ihe dịka 1,000 ndị na egwu ala iji gwupụta terracottas kwa ụbọchị. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime terracottas gbawara agbawa, ụfọdụ ka dị mma ma bụrụ ndị a na ere ere.[33] N'ihi nke a, e gwuru ọtụtụ narị ebe ọdịbendị Nok n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na achọ ihe ndị a a tụrụ atụ. Ozi bara uru banyere Ọdịbendị Nok na efu mgbe a na ewepụ ihe ndị a n'ala ma wepụ ha n'ọnọdụ ihe mgbe ochie ha.[22]

N'afọ 1979, National Commission for Museums and Monuments Decree nke Naịjirịa guzobere National Commission for Museums and Memories (NCMM), nke a na eji jikwaa ihe nketa ọdịbendị Naịjiria. NCMM Decree number 77 mere ka ọ bụrụ iwu na akwadoghị maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ na abụghị ndị ọrụ e nyere ikike ịzụta ma ọ bụ ree ihe ochie n'ime Naịjirịa ma ọ bụ mbupụ ihe ochie na enweghị ikike sitere na NCMM.[33] Ka ọ na erule ngwụcha afọ ndị 1990 gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa mejupụtara NCMM, nke malitere usoro ihe iji rụọ ọrụ maka ịlụso nsogbu nke ịpụnara mmadụ ihe ọgụ na imepụta atụmatụ ime ihe. Nkwekọrịta zuru oke bụ na iwu ndị na achịkwa ihe ochie na ntaramahụhụ maka ndị mebiri iwu kwesịrị ka a na etinye ya n'ọrụ nke ọma nakwa na a ga enyocha ebe niile e gwupụtara ihe. NCMM na-atụkwa aro mkpọsa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na eme ihe ike yana usoro mmemme mmeghachi omume gafee mba ahụ. A na ewere mmemme ndị a dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihe gbasara mmata nke ndị ọrụ mmanye iwu, yana ndị isi omenala Naijiria na Interpol.[22] Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị aro niile ka etinyere n'ọrụ, n'ihi na gọọmentị Naijiria enweghị ihe onwunwe iji chee nnukwu ihe ịma aka ihu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, gọọmentị enweghị ihe onwunwe iji tinye ndị nlekota na ebe niile a na ahụ maka ihe mgbe ochie, na ọnụ ọgụgụ terracotta ka na agafe ókèala Naijiria.

Taa, a na-achọsi ihe oyiyi terracotta nke ukwuu n'ahịa nka nke mba ụwa, ya mere a na-anọgide na-egwupụta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na-enweghị akwụkwọ nke ebe e liri ha. Enweghị nnukwu ọmụmụ ihe mgbe ochie ejedebekwala nghọta anyị gbasara omenala Nok. Ọrụ nyocha jikọrọ ya na Mahadum Goethe na National Commission for Museums and Monuments mere kemgbe 2005 gosiri na a kwakọrọ ihe karịrị 90% nke saịtị Nok Culture nke a maara na mpaghara nyocha ahụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi na ihe karịrị 1,000 Nok terracotta kpụrụ akpụ ka gwupụtarala n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị wee bute ya na Europe, USA, Japan, na ebe ndị ọzọ. N'ọnwa Febrụwarị afọ 2013, Daily Trust kọrọ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na National Orientation nke Naijiria weghachiri ihe oyiyi Nok ise nke onye ohi French kwakọọrọ n'ọnwa Ọgọst 2010. Ndị ọrụ kọstọm France nwụchiri iberibe ahụ ma bughachi ya site na ntụziaka gọọmentị Naijiria nyere. Ihe na-eme ka nsogbu ahụ sie ike bụ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe oyiyi Nok adịgboroja ma tinye ha n'ahịa ka ọ bụ eziokwu.

Ụmụ ya

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Dị ka onye ọ bụla nwere ọdịbendị na nka yiri omenala Nok dị na Nok, Sokoto, na Katsina, ndị Yoruba, Jukun, ma ọ bụ Dakakari na asụ Niger-Congo nwere ike ịbụ ụmụ ndị Nok.[34] Dabere na ọdịdị yiri nke Nok terracottas, ihe oyiyi ọla nchara nke Alaeze Ukwu Yoruba Ife na alaeze Bini nke Benin nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe na aga n'ihu nke ọdịnala nke ọdịbendị Nok mbụ.

Hụkwa

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  • Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naijiria
  1. ↑ Nok. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved on 25 February 2022.
  2. ↑ Obikili (2018). "State Formation in Precolonial Nigeria", in Levan: The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.1. ISBN 9780198804307. OCLC 1076346474. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Champion (15 December 2022). "A question of rite—pearl millet consumption at Nok culture sites, Nigeria (second/first millennium BC)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 32 (3): 263–283. DOI:10.1007/s00334-022-00902-0. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Breunig (January 2017). Exploring the Nok Culture. Goethe University. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sun (2017). "Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of Nok sculptures in I. P. Stanback Museum". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 313: 85–92. DOI:10.1007/s10967-017-5297-8. ISSN 0236-5731. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Breunig (2022). "Prehistoric Developments In Nigeria", in Falola: The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian History. Oxford University Press, 123–124. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190050092.013.5. ISBN 978-0-19-005009-2. OCLC 1267402325. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Franke (2020). "Pits, pots and plants at Pangwari: Deciphering the nature of a Nok Culture site". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 55 (2): 129–188. DOI:10.1080/0067270X.2020.1757902. ISSN 0067-270X. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Männel (12 Jan 2016). "The Nok Terracotta Sculptures of Pangwari". Journal of African Archaeology 14 (3). DOI:10.3213/2191-5784-10300. ISSN 1612-1651. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ramsamy (January 5, 2012). "Part I: Prehistory To 1400", Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. DOI:10.4135/9781452218458. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7. OCLC 809773339. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Rupp (2005). "New Studies on the Nok Culture of Central Nigeria". Journal of African Archaeology 3 (2). DOI:10.3213/1612-1651-10056. ISSN 1612-1651. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Miller (1994). "Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa". Journal of African History 35: 1–36. DOI:10.1017/s0021853700025949. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Stuiver (1968). "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa". Current Anthropology 9 (1): 54–58. DOI:10.1086/200878. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ehret (2023). "African Firsts in the History of Technology", Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE. Princeton University Press. DOI:10.2307/j.ctv34kc6ng.5. ISBN 9780691244105. OCLC 1330712064. 
  14. ↑ Breunig (2016). "An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture". Journal of African Archaeology 14 (3): 242, 247. DOI:10.3213/2191-5784-10298. ISSN 1612-1651. 
  15. ↑ The Ancient Nok Culture Kaduna State. Nigeria Information & Guide. Retrieved on 2022-02-04.
  16. ↑ Breunig (2014). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna. ISBN 9783937248462. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Breunig (2014). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna. ISBN 9783937248462. 
  18. ↑ Nok art of Ancient Nigeria (September 28, 2011).
  19. ↑ Chesi, G. & Merzeder, G. (2006). The Nok Culture: Art in Nigeria 2500 Years Ago
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Shaw (1981). "The Nok sculptures of Nigeria". Scientific American 244 (2): 154–166. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0281-154. 
  21. ↑ Fagg (1969). "Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture". World Archaeology 1 (1): 41–50. DOI:10.1080/00438243.1969.9979425. 
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.
  23. ↑ Breunig (2013). Nok: Ein Ursprung afrikanischer Skulptur. Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna. ISBN 9783937248387. 
  24. ↑ Breunig (June 2008). "Exploring the Nok enigma". Antiquity 82 (316). 
  25. ↑ Breunig (13 Dec 2016). "An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture". Journal of African Archaeology 14 (3): 247. 
  26. ↑ Breunig (13 Dec 2016). "An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture". Journal of African Archaeology 14 (3): 251. 
  27. ↑ Kahlheber. Archaeobotanical Studies at Nok sites: an Interim Report. ResearchGate. Nyame Akuma.
  28. ↑ Kay (2019). "Diversification, Intensification and Specialization: Changing Land Use in Western Africa from 1800 BC to AD 1500". Journal of World Prehistory 32 (2): 179–228. DOI:10.1007/s10963-019-09131-2. 
  29. ↑ AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Nok people. www.101lasttribes.com. Retrieved on 2022-02-25.
  30. ↑ Dunne (14 January 2022). "Making the invisible visible: tracing the origins of plants in West African cuisine through archaeobotanical and organic residue analysis". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14. DOI:10.1007/s12520-021-01476-0. 
  31. ↑ Dunne (2021). "Honey-collecting in prehistoric West Africa from 3500 years ago". Nature Communications 12 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-22425-4. PMID 33854053. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Dunne (2021). "Honey-collecting in prehistoric West Africa from 3500 years ago". Nature Communications 12 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-22425-4. PMID 33854053. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Brodie, Neil, and Donna Yates. 2012. Nok Terracottas. Trafficking Culture: Researching the Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects.
  34. ↑ Lamp (2011). "Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria". Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin. ISSN 0084-3539. 

Ihe odide

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Akwụkwọ

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Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] NOK nke Naịjirịa. Archaeology July/August 2011, 34-38.
  • ISBN (2014) in Breunig: Nok | African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag. ISBN 9783937248462.  
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nichts als Kunst. Archäologische Forschungen zur früheisenzeitlichen Nok-Kultur na Zentral-Nigeria. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Saliège & J. Polet (2001). Nchịkọta oge nke ọdịbendị Nok na oge ọhụrụ na ihe a tụrụ atụ. Africa: Archaeology & Arts 2, 9-28.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ mbido na ebe obibi na ndagwurugwu Nok, Nigeria: Samun Dukiya, AF/70/1. West African Journal of Archaeology 2, 75-79.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọdịbendị Nok na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1 (4), 288-293.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọdịbendị Nok: Ihe ndị e gwupụtara na Taruga. Akwụkwọ akụkọ West African Archaeological Newsletter 10, 27-30.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na West Africa: ìhè ọhụrụ na Nok Culture. World Archaeology 1 (1), 41-50.
  • Fagg, B., (1990): Nok terracottas. Lagos: National Commission for Museums and Monuments.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkụ nke Ọdịbendị Nok. Zaria
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha ọhụrụ na Nok Culture nke Central Nigeria. Journal of African Archaeology 3, 2: 283-290.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịchọpụta ihe omimi Nok. Antiquity, Project gallery.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe osise Nok nke Naijiria. Scientific American 244 (2): 154-166.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmalite nke ịgbaze ígwè n'Africa. Westafrican Journal of Archaeology. 5, 1-9.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịgbaze ígwè na Taruga, Naịjirịa. Journal of Historical Metallurgy 9 (2), 49-56.
  • Olubunmi A.O. (2007) The Rise and Fall of The Yoruba Race, The 199 Publishing Palace ISBN
  • Olubunmi A.O. (2009) On Ijesa Racial Purity, The 199 Publishing Palace ISBN  
  • Ayoade J.O. (1983) Nkwupụta maka Climatology Maka Tropics, John Wiley & Sons ltd UK ISBN  

Njikọ mpụga

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  • Mgbasa ozi metụtaraOmenala Nokna Wikimedia Commons
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nok_culture&oldid=189122